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Sierra Leone - Wikitravel. Sierra Leone. Location. Flag. Quick Facts. Capital. Freetown. Government parliamentary democracy. Currency leone (SLL). Area 7. 1,7. 40km. The Republic of Guinea is to the north and northeast; Liberia is to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west and south. It has 4. 02km of coastline. Before the Ebola outbreak, the potential for tourism was vast, but largely unrealised. Tourists were starting to return and tour operators were looking closely at what the country had to offer. Sadly, all that has changed. It has some of the best beaches in the world, a rich colonial heritage, and some stunning scenery, but its greatest asset is its welcoming, friendly populace, most of whom will go out of their way to make a foreigner comfortable. Night time temperatures rarely drop below 2. From October to March the weather is generally dry with many fine, hot, sunny days. From April to September, is the rainy season. The rainfall increases to a peak in July and August and then decreases until rain has almost ceased by November. Sockets are British standard. Supplies are unreliable, but improving - parts of Freetown do now get a reasonable supply. Away from Freetown, mains electricity is only available in Bo and Kenema and comes and goes unpredictably. Proof of vaccination might be required to get a visa and is checked at the airport on arrival. Citizens of Kenya can obtain a visa on arrival to Sierra Leone. Nationals of Iran issued with diplomatic and service passports can stay a maximum stay of 1 month without a visa. You will need to fill in a form and a copy, bring your passport, a copy of your passport, a copy of the Guinean visa page, a copy of your yellow fever vaccination certificate, a booking confirmation or a letter of invitation, 2 ID pictures and 1. USD (its easy to change money near the embassy or in every market of the town). Come early in the morning (9 am), expect to be invited for a detailed interview taking places a few hours later and possibly to get the visa the next day (official maximum being 7. The process is clean and you will get a receipt for your payment. Since 2. 00. 9 there has been a proliferation of . The hovercraft service has resumed operations under the K& K company. For those with a light load, local speedboats (US$1. They run fairly frequently, when full, on the same route as the car ferries. The landing in Lungi is wet, but porters wait to carry you in or out of the boats for a small fee (USD0. This would probably be the most miserable route, and it's not clear that anyone uses it. New helicopters have been obtained by another company and services are expected to resume late in 2. Brussels Airlines. From November 2. 01. Mc. Phillips Travel have two direct flights from London Gatwick per week. Special permits are required if transiting the border with a private vehicle. Those are mostly loaded with Sierra- Leonese trader carrying money to Conakry and bringing back merchandise.. As a consequence they are a big target for extortion by the various officials along the way, especially on the Guinean side. It is really bad, you will get stopped 8 or 1. Be ready, polite and careful.. Bush taxis from Kindia also go to the border at M. The ride is bumpy and passengers are crammed in tightly but there are regular stops to stretch your legs. From Bo (Waterside) shared taxis take around two hours to get to Monrovia. Cargo and Passenger ships berth at the Queen Elizabeth II quay, while some passenger/Cargo and private crafts can land at the Government Wharf in central Freetown, arriving most times from Conakry and Banjul. Enquiries should be made to Cargo Shipping Agencies. The road to Kabala mostly smooth tar, with a few terribly potholed patches. The road to Kono is for three quarters tar, but the remaining quart is in mostly poor condition. It means it takes as much time to cover 3/4 of the distance as it takes for the balance 1/4. Government has planned to upgrade the last stretch in 2. Beach and Tokeh being nearly impassable to all but high- clearance 4. WD and motorbikes. In the center of town, the main roads are mostly smooth and pothole- free, having been constructed from high- quality asphalt a long time ago. Side streets are often a mixture of dirt and gravel, sometimes with large protruding stones, deep crevasses, and other potential dangers. Most main feeder roads such as Wilkinson Road, Spur Road and Sir Samuel Lewis road in the Western part of Freetown are in atrocious condition, but work is under way to reconstruct them - expect traffic chaos until some time in 2. When walking, always keep your eyes in front of you: most of the sidewalks in Freetown have . For this reason, most Freetown residents choose to walk in the street and avoid sidewalks, a major contributing factor to the city's congestion. The vehicles seem to be stitched together with thread, always nearly at the breaking point, five people for each row of three seats, blaring hip hop turning off and on with application of the gas pedal, never sure whose sweat that is, never sure whether it will make the next hill. They are really cheap, though. Intercity trips cost less than bush taxis (Makeni- Freetown is Le. Freetown from just 1,0. Shared taxis are marginally more comfortable, but still packed to the gills, and only slightly more expensive (Makeni- Freetown Le. Bo- Kenema Le. 10,0. Port Loko- Lungi Le. Delays, flat tyres and breakdowns are fairly common so leave lots of time especially if you have a flight to catch. If you have a larger group of people, dropping $3. Banana Islands, Bonthe Island, Turtle Islands, or even just some random stretch of long- lost beach could be absolutely worth the cost. Quick and simple online booking allows you to plan ahead or you can purchase tickets on arrival in the airport. But they are dangerous. And when traveling on dirt roads, you will wind up covered in dust, often choking on the stuff kicked up by larger vehicles. The driver is required to wear a helmet and to have one to offer to the passenger. Yeah, right. It's also against the law nowadays to have more than two people on one motorcycle. So if you have three people on one bike, and you are approaching a vehicle check, one person will have to get off and walk through the checkpoint.. Even the worst roads will be passable in dry season, and you won't have to worry about being transported by careless drivers. Be aware that driving your bike inside the major cities is dangerous due to the crazy traffic, but outside the cities you should be OK as long as you wear a helmet with a visor to protect yourself from dust. Krio is not a pidgin. It is a creole, which means it is a full fledged language with regular grammar and set writing conventions. Unsurprisingly, then, the minority Krios, who mostly live in the Freetown Peninsula take English as a second language, while the Temnes, Mendes, and other groups have their tongues occupied with Krio as their second language. This makes getting around the peninsula pretty easy for English speakers, but the entire rest of the country is more or less Krio- only land. While Krio vocabulary is predominantly from English, it is not intelligible to your average English speaker—although you might be able to follow a little bit if you know some basic vocabulary, when you already know what people are talking about. There are at least ten that could be described as world- class. The old SLL5. 00 note has not been replaced. The designs are very similar to the old notes. The new notes far outnumber the old type as of the end of May 2. The old type can be exchanged at banks for one year after the launch date of the new notes. Pounds sterling, euro or US dollars are most popular, although others are possible. The airport duty free shop does take major cards. Some of the other hotels are planning to take cards. It is possible to get money from some banks with a credit card, but the process can be long and rather costly. As of Nov 2. 01. 4, there are 4 ATMs in the arrivals area of Lungi airport, all of which seem to accept international debit cards. The lack of a good import system and high import duties plus 1. Goods and Services Tax (GST) mean that many goods are double the price that one would expect to pay in other countries. If you want to eat at a decent restaurant meal every now and then and stay in mid- range accommodation, a more realistic budget is around SLL4. USD1. 10). If you want to eat and sleep well, you can easily chew through SLL8. USD2. 20) each day. These stews may include a delicious and often spicy mix of meat, fish, seasonings, greens, etc., often taking hours to prepare. They also eat seafood particularly in the capital Freetown which is on the Atlantic coast. It is common to go to areas such as Lumley Beach where one can find local fishermen pulling in nets from the Atlantic filled with fish such as crabs, lobsters, oysters, snappers and many, many more. Guinness extra stout is also brewed locally. Many European beers (Carlsberg, Beck's, Heineken and Cody's) are also imported. Soft drinks such as Coca Cola and Fanta are locally produced. Wine is available from restaurants and supermarkets, but can be expensive. Local brewed palm wine (called . There are a few nice, very small, resort- style getaways, notably at Banana Island and Bonthe Island. There are guesthouses to be found in towns of any significant size, usually for USD3. Average hotels are around USD1. There is no formal charge associated with the chief's hospitality, but you should . Afrotels now offers the opportunity for guests to view hotels in Sierra Leone, and directly make a reservation via their portal. This is a much needed system that will help guests sort out the current chaotic hotel system in Sierra Leone. Afrotels on its website, states that their guests can review hotels all across Africa, make their selection, and then either pay on the website, or pay directly at the hotel. Recently renovated hotel, currently considered by most as the best hotel in Freetown. History of i. Phone - Wikipedia. The Newton Message. Pad was an early handheld device manufactured by Apple in the mid- 1. Some of its concepts and functions have been incorporated into the i. Phone. The history of i. Phone began with a request from inventor Steve Jobs to Apple Inc.'s engineers, asking them to investigate the use of touchscreen devices and tablet computers (which later came to fruition with the i. Pad). Its form factor is credited to Apple's Chief Design Officer, Jonathan Ive. He believed that cell phones were going to become important devices for portable information access, and that mobile phones needed to have excellent synchronization software. At that time, instead of focusing on a follow- up to their Newton PDA, Jobs had Apple focus on the i. Pod. Jobs also had Apple develop the i. Tunes software, which can be used to synchronize content with i. Pod devices. Jobs was unhappy with the ROKR, feeling that having to compromise with a non- Apple designer (Motorola) prevented Apple from designing the phone they wanted to make. On June 2. 9, 2. 00. Phone. Third parties would be able to create Web 2. Consumers were unable to use any other carrier without unlocking their device. Apple retained control of the design, manufacturing and marketing of the i. Phone. Fernandez on behalf of California resident Timothy P. Apple Inc., the plaintiffs said that Apple failed to disclose to purchasers its five- year agreement with AT& T when they bought i. Phones with a two- year contract and cited the Sherman Act's prohibition of monopolies. The plaintiff, Paul Holman, filed a complaint against Apple and AT& T Mobility that he could not switch carriers or change SIM cards without losing i. Phone improvements to which he was entitled. Holman also cited a Sherman Act violation by the defendants. Concepcion (disputed whether the state's basic standards of fairness were met by a clause in AT& T's contract limiting complaint resolution to arbitration). Employees received their phones in July after the initial demand for i. Phones subsided. Apple closed its stores at 2: 0. Phone launch, while hundreds of customers lined up at stores nationwide. AT& T changed these restrictions in late January 2. Though this figure does not include units that were purchased for resale on e. Bay or otherwise not activated until after the opening weekend, it is still less than most initial estimates. The Verizon i. Phone went on sale on February 1. Brian Barrett, Managing Editor of the Gizmodo publication, speculated that either an upgraded version of i. Phone 5 or a budget version would be released. Ten days later, after the video had been viewed more than 3 million times on the Internet. However, it was widely reported that some who bought between the June 2. August 2. 2, 2. 00. Apple of unfair pricing. Following the de facto model for mobile phone service in the United States, AT& T would subsidize a sizable portion of the upfront cost for the i. Phone 3. G, followed by charging moderately higher monthly fees over a minimum two- year contract. In Germany, Vodafone, an operator competing with the operator that Apple had locked German i. Phone sales to (Deutsche Telekom's T- Mobile division), brought a legal case. On November 2. 0, 2. Phones in Germany being temporarily stopped. The i. Phone launch in France a few weeks later through the operator Orange faced the same legal issues. Other countries that will pose. The offer caused confusion between Apple Europe, local media, and local Apple representatives. Both carriers launched the i. Phone 3. G in August 2. On March 2. 0, 2. Telkomselbecame the first telecommunications company in Indonesia to offer the i. Phone 3. G with customizable plans for all Telkomsel customers. Smart Communications followed suit in December 2. Phone 4. S in the Philippines. Smart Communications was the last telecommunications company to carry Apple's i. Phone in Southeast Asia. The original models available for sale in New Zealand were unlocked for use on the Vodafone network and could be used with any plan, including pre- paid plans. Rogers Wireless began offering 8 GB and 1. GB models on July 1. Facing a public backlash. Users who signed up for a 3- year agreement with a data option. The deal was rumoured to be non- exclusive, according to unofficial statements made by MTS and Mega. Fon. MTS and Mega. Fon belong to the . As predicted, Mega. Fon issued a press release regarding the i. Phone 3. G release on September 2, 2. Customers must also sign up for one of 3 service plans. Orange later announced that the i. Phone would be released on November 1. Verizon confirmed the announcement on January 1. February 1. 0. Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre- order i. Phone on February 3. Pricing for the i. Phone 4 was $1. 99 for 1. GB and $2. 99 for 3. GB. Today, the i. Phone is available in most countries. Cellular (November 2. November. 20. 07 United Kingdom. On July 3, 2. 00. Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked i. Phone's other features with jailbreaking. He published the software and offsets for others to use. This method requires usage of a Turbo SIM card, costing approximately US$8. Phone into believing that it is operating on the AT& T network, even when it is connected natively (not in roaming mode) to another carrier. He confirmed that he unlocked the phone and was using it on T- Mobile's network. The hack opened up a realm of possibilities for overseas customers because i. Phone was only sold in the US at the time. By unlocking it, Hotz opened up the phone to all kinds of phone networks across the world. Hotz posted the hack on his blog. The process is complicated and requires both disassembling i. Phone and executing software commands on a personal computer. Hotz, along with four others across the world, reportedly spent about 5. Sales of the unlock started on September 1. These sales occurred through several resellers who were able to order . Two free, GUI- based unlocking programs that have been made available are Any. Sim and i. Unlock Reloaded. On September 2. 4, 2. Apple issued a warning that future updates could render unlocked i. Phones unusable. The firmware update relocks i. Phones, but on October 1. Phone. SIMFree announced that they had hacked the 1. Phone update, not only unlocking them but also unbricking those i. Phones which were bricked by the update. The updated version works on firmware version 1. The tool is unbricking the previously bricked i. Phones. This version does not have many new features but breaks unlocks. Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update, Macworld, (January 9, 2. Retrieved February 1, 2. Block, Ryan. Live from Macworld 2. Steve Jobs keynote, Engadget, (January 9, 2. Retrieved February 1, 2. Grossman, Lev. The Apple Of Your Ear, Time, (January 1. Retrieved February 1, 2. Murtazin, Eldar (June 2. Mobile review. Retrieved March 2. Apple's Son of Newton, e. Week Microsoft Watch, (January 9, 2. Retrieved February 1, 2. Kahney, Leander. Apple Newton Versus i. Phone, Wired News, (January 1. Retrieved February 1, 2. Mc. Cracken, Harry. Sort of!, PC World, (January 1. Retrieved February 1, 2. Mortensen, Pete. Private i. Creator is genius behind Apple's polish, New York Daily News, (January 1. Retrieved February 1, 2. Mossberg, Walt. The Music Man (fee required), The Wall Street Journal, (June 1. Retrieved February 1, 2. Kennedy, Niall. Walt Mossberg interviews Steve Jobs, (June 1. Retrieved February 1, 2. Chaffin, Bryan. Steve Jobs: No Tablet, No PDA, No Cell Phone, Lots Of i. Pods, The Mac Observer, (June 5, 2. Retrieved February 1, 2. Howell, Denise. D: Interview With Steve Jobs, Bag and Baggage, (May 3. Retrieved February 1, 2. Lewis, Peter (January 1. Retrieved January 1. Archived from the original on March 3, 2. Retrieved March 3, 2. Press release Retrieved June 1. Phone Applications Example: One. Trip, Mac. Rumors, (June 1. Retrieved June 1. Apple Updates i. Tunes For the i. Phone, PC World, (June 2. Retrieved June 2. The Forbidden City of Terry Gou, The Wall Street Journal, August 1. February 5, 2. 01. Retrieved February 5, 2. Retrieved March 1. Wired Magazine. Retrieved May 3, 2. Retrieved March 1. Retrieved March 1. Boston College Law Review. Retrieved May 3, 2. Retrieved March 1. Information. Week. Retrieved March 1. Text^Holman et al v. Apple, Inc et al. Antitrust Today. 2. Oct 2. 01. 0. Retrieved May 3, 2. The Leadership Conference. Retrieved May 3, 2. Concepcion (U. S. Phone Arena. Retrieved 8 September 2. Domain. Tools Blog. Retrieved July 3, 2. Daring Fireball. Retrieved October 1. MP3 Newswire. June 2. Retrieved June 2. The New York Times. October 2. 7, 2. 00. Retrieved May 4, 2. Retrieved June 3. Archived from the original on July 3, 2. Retrieved July 1, 2. Apple. Insider. Retrieved July 8, 2. Retrieved July 3, 2. San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved July 2. Retrieved July 9, 2. The Washington Post. The Wall Street Journal. October 5, 2. 01. Retrieved October 5, 2. Australian. IT. October 5, 2. Retrieved October 5, 2. Retrieved May 3. 1, 2. Retrieved June 7, 2. The New York Times. Retrieved March 2. Retrieved August 1. Too much information, users say. The Atlanta Journal- Constitution. Cox Newspapers. Archived from the original on October 1. Retrieved October 2, 2. Internet message boards and blogs are buzzing with talk of paper i. Phone bills dozens and even hundreds of pages long. Monsters and Critics. Retrieved August 1. The box arrived last Saturday and inside it contained her first bill after she purchased Apple's i. Phone. The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2. Justine Ezarik, a graphic designer from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, posted a 1- minute video on her blog that shows her opening up a 3. Phone bill from AT& T – which was mailed in a box. Computerworld. PC World Communications. Retrieved August 1. One blogger, in fact, is in the middle of her 1. AT& T bill. Retrieved August 1. Justine Ezarik, a Pittsburgh graphic designer and active Internet blogger, got her first bill on Saturday. She says it was so huge – 3. The New York Times. Retrieved August 2. 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Available commands are compiled together in menus, and actions are performed making gestures with the pointing device. A window manager facilitates the interactions between windows, applications, and the windowing system. The windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices, graphics hardware, and positioning of the pointer. In personal computers, all these elements are modeled through a desktop metaphor to produce a simulation called a desktop environment in which the display represents a desktop, on which documents and folders of documents can be placed. Window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism. Post- WIMP interface. Applications for which WIMP is not well suited may use newer interaction techniques, collectively termed post- WIMP user interfaces. The biggest overhaul in iOS history is upon us, and brings about much new functionality and a brand new look. Here's what you should follow to get iOS 7 on your Apple. Business Intelligence dashboards and data analytics for any device. Featuring mobile dashboard designer, native apps for Windows, iOS and Android, and support for any. Enter your email or mobile number to deliver the Kindle App to your device. These support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display, which allows actions such as pinching and rotating, which are unsupported by one pointer and mouse. For example, there are components like inotify or D- Bus to facilitate communication between computer programs. History of GUI. It used a light pen to creating and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics. In the late 1. 96. Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart, developed the On- Line System (NLS), which used text- based hyperlinks manipulated with a then new device: the mouse. In the 1. 97. 0s, Engelbart's ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC and specifically Alan Kay, who went beyond text- based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the main interface for the Xerox Altocomputer, released in 1. Most modern general- purpose GUIs are derived from this system. The Xerox PARC user interface consisted of graphical elements such as windows, menus, radio buttons, and check boxes. The concept of icons was later introduced by David Canfield Smith, who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of Kay. These aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for windows, icons, menus, pointing device (WIMP). This effort culminated in the 1. Xerox Alto, the first computer with a GUI, though the system never reached commercial production. The first commercially available computer with a GUI was the 1. PERQ workstation, manufactured by Three Rivers Computer Corporation. 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The goal of the commercial was to make people think about computers, identifying the user- friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from prior business- oriented systems. This allows greater efficiency and productivity once many commands are learned. Also, using the command line can become slow and error- prone when users must enter long commands comprising many parameters or several different filenames at once. However, windows, icons, menus, pointer (WIMP) interfaces present users with many widgets that represent and can trigger some of the system's available commands. GUIs can be made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system, or moved about to different places during redesigns. Also, icons and dialog boxes are usually harder for users to script. WIMPs extensively use modes, as the meaning of all keys and clicks on specific positions on the screen are redefined all the time. Command line interfaces use modes only in limited forms, such as for current directory and environment variables. Most modern operating systems provide both a GUI and some level of a CLI, although the GUIs usually receive more attention. The GUI is usually WIMP- based, although occasionally other metaphors surface, such as those used in Microsoft Bob, 3dwm, or File System Visualizer. GUI wrappers. While command- line or text- based application allow users to run a program non- interactively, GUI wrappers atop them avoid the steep learning curve of the command- line, which requires commands to be typed on the keyboard. By starting a GUI wrapper, users can intuitively interact with, start, stop, and change its working parameters, through graphical icons and visual indicators of a desktop environment, for example. Applications may also provide both interfaces, and when they do the GUI is usually a WIMP wrapper around the command- line version. This is especially common with applications designed for Unix- like operating systems. The latter used to be implemented first because it allowed the developers to focus exclusively on their product's functionality without bothering about interface details such as designing icons and placing buttons. Designing programs this way also allows users to run the program in a shell script. Three- dimensional user interfaces. Semantically, however, most graphical user interfaces use three dimensions. With height and width, they offer a third dimension of layering or stacking screen elements over one another. This may be represented visually on screen through an illusionary transparent effect, which offers the advantage that information in background windows may still be read, if not interacted with. Or the environment may simply hide the background information, possibly making the distinction apparent by drawing a drop shadow effect over it. Some environments use the methods of 3. 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